Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622The effect of Sodium HydrogenSulfide (NaHS) on some phytochemical characteristics and the production of THC and CBD alkaloids in the cell suspension culture of Cannabis indica.The effect of Sodium HydrogenSulfide (NaHS) on some phytochemical characteristics and the production of THC and CBD alkaloids in the cell suspension culture of Cannabis indica.117133243110.22034/jpr.2025.8473.3363FAMaryamAbediniDepartment of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.0009-0002-8175-2353AlirezaIranbakhshDepartment of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.0000-0002-6325-2905SaraSaadatmandDepartment of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.MostafaEbadiDepartment of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, I.R. of Iran.ZahraOraghiardebiliDepartment of Biology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, I.R. of Iran.Journal Article20240622<em>Cannabis indica</em> is recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly due to its secondary metabolites like cannabinoids. This study explored the use of cell suspension culture technology to identify, produce, and extract these compounds. It specifically examined the impact of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a hydrogen sulfide donor, on cell suspension cultures of hemp. The research involved treating callus cultures with varying NaHS concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/L) and assessing their effects on phytochemical traits and cannabinoid production, particularly Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol.<br><br>Results showed that NaHS treatment elevated the levels of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and proline, while decreasing phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and phenolic compounds compared to control groups. Protein and soluble sugar levels increased, except in the 50 mg/L treatment. Cell growth rates improved from the second week onward, with 100 mg/L and 150 mg/L treatments enhancing cell survival rates. However, the alkaloid levels did not increase relative to controls.<br><br>Overall, the study concluded that sodium hydrogen sulfide mitigates growth-inhibiting factors like reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative damage. This leads to an increase in defensive compounds, such as proline and antioxidant enzymes, helping hemp cells better withstand stress conditions in cell suspension culture. Thus, NaHS shows potential in optimizing the production of valuable cannabinoids from Cannabis indica through enhanced cellular resilience and metabolic activity.<em>Cannabis indica</em> is recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly due to its secondary metabolites like cannabinoids. This study explored the use of cell suspension culture technology to identify, produce, and extract these compounds. It specifically examined the impact of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a hydrogen sulfide donor, on cell suspension cultures of hemp. The research involved treating callus cultures with varying NaHS concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/L) and assessing their effects on phytochemical traits and cannabinoid production, particularly Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol.<br><br>Results showed that NaHS treatment elevated the levels of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and proline, while decreasing phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and phenolic compounds compared to control groups. Protein and soluble sugar levels increased, except in the 50 mg/L treatment. Cell growth rates improved from the second week onward, with 100 mg/L and 150 mg/L treatments enhancing cell survival rates. However, the alkaloid levels did not increase relative to controls.<br><br>Overall, the study concluded that sodium hydrogen sulfide mitigates growth-inhibiting factors like reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative damage. This leads to an increase in defensive compounds, such as proline and antioxidant enzymes, helping hemp cells better withstand stress conditions in cell suspension culture. Thus, NaHS shows potential in optimizing the production of valuable cannabinoids from Cannabis indica through enhanced cellular resilience and metabolic activity.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2431_cbf8710b43df3f2c1553e649403426df.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Effect of Endophytic fungus Serendipita indica on some growth characteristics and secondary metabolites of Mentha piperita under lead toxicity in soilEffect of Endophytic fungus Serendipita indica on some growth characteristics and secondary metabolites of Mentha piperita under lead toxicity in soil133145240710.22034/jpr.2024.8378.3331FASalehShahabivandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh0000-0001-7281-1898ElhamHassanpourDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, MaraghehMohammadrezaMorshedlooDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, MaraghehJournal Article20240210Root endophytic fungi are beneficial soil microorganisms that affect the growth and production of secondary metabolites by causing physiological changes in their host plants. In this study, the effects of Serendipita indica (four levels of fungus including without fungus treatment, and 1, 2 and 3 pieces of fungus solid medium with dimensions of 0.2×1×1 cm) on root colonization, growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments as well as the quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil were evaluated under without stress condition and lead stress (800 mg/kg soil). The results showed that lead reduced the percentage of colonization, growth parameters, the amount of pigmentation and the essential oil quantity. The use of endophyte fungus had positive effects on the parameters studied. By increasing the amount of fungus in the soil, the percentage of colonization, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments were significantly increased. The results of the GC-MS showed 27 phytochemical compounds, which the most essential oil compounds in the different treatments were menthol (38.01-48.90%), (10.68-17.54%), menthone (4.8-8.84%) and neomenthol (4.17-7.87%). Maximum menthol and p-menth-1-9-ol contents was obtained using S. indica (3 pieces of fungus solid medium) without lead treatment. Using these results, it can be said that S. indica has increased growth indicators and photosynthetic pigments, as well as changes in peppermint essential oil, and significantly reduced the harmful effects of lead in medicinal plant peppermint.Root endophytic fungi are beneficial soil microorganisms that affect the growth and production of secondary metabolites by causing physiological changes in their host plants. In this study, the effects of Serendipita indica (four levels of fungus including without fungus treatment, and 1, 2 and 3 pieces of fungus solid medium with dimensions of 0.2×1×1 cm) on root colonization, growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments as well as the quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil were evaluated under without stress condition and lead stress (800 mg/kg soil). The results showed that lead reduced the percentage of colonization, growth parameters, the amount of pigmentation and the essential oil quantity. The use of endophyte fungus had positive effects on the parameters studied. By increasing the amount of fungus in the soil, the percentage of colonization, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments were significantly increased. The results of the GC-MS showed 27 phytochemical compounds, which the most essential oil compounds in the different treatments were menthol (38.01-48.90%), (10.68-17.54%), menthone (4.8-8.84%) and neomenthol (4.17-7.87%). Maximum menthol and p-menth-1-9-ol contents was obtained using S. indica (3 pieces of fungus solid medium) without lead treatment. Using these results, it can be said that S. indica has increased growth indicators and photosynthetic pigments, as well as changes in peppermint essential oil, and significantly reduced the harmful effects of lead in medicinal plant peppermint.Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Investigating the effect of cyanobacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water salinity on wheat growthInvestigating the effect of cyanobacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water salinity on wheat growth146164240810.22034/jpr.2024.8383.3335FAZahraRafiee AghdaGraduated from Master's Degree in Fertility Management and Soil Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.0009-0002-6219-5715HammidSodaeizadeKazemKamaliDepartment of Arid and Desert Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran0000-0002-1058-4746FaribaHokmollahiPh.D, Plant biology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University0009-0005-6453-1964SanazTarah YazdiMaster student of fertility management and soil biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.0009-0008-3262-7269Journal Article20240325This research aimed to compare the impact of two cyanobacteria on reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress on wheat under greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment was conducted in four replications, based on a completely randomized design. The factors were the type of cyanobacteria (without cyanobacteria (control), Phormidium spp, and Anabaena spp) and different levels of irrigation water salinity (0, 3, 6, and 9 dS m-1). The results indicated that salinity negatively affected the plant's morphological characteristics, with the highest values observed in control and the lowest in the 9 dS m-1 salinity level. Also, salinity stress led to a decrease in chlorophyll amount and an increase in the proline and soluble sugars in the wheat. The results showed that both cyanobacterial strains were effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity on various characteristics of the wheat plant. Furthermore, soil inoculation with cyanobacteria increased chlorophyll, proline, and soluble sugars in the plants. The two types of cyanobacteria had different effects on reducing the adverse effects of salinity on wheat. In severe salinities, Phormidium spp. increased the root length and shoot dry weight more than Anabaena spp. On the other hand, Anabaena spp. had better performance in increasing root dry weight and root volume as well as proline content compared to other cyanobacteria. Overall, the research showed that cyanobacteria can play a positive role in reducing the negative effects of salinity on wheat. However, further investigation is needed to assess the use of cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer in field conditions.This research aimed to compare the impact of two cyanobacteria on reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress on wheat under greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment was conducted in four replications, based on a completely randomized design. The factors were the type of cyanobacteria (without cyanobacteria (control), Phormidium spp, and Anabaena spp) and different levels of irrigation water salinity (0, 3, 6, and 9 dS m-1). The results indicated that salinity negatively affected the plant's morphological characteristics, with the highest values observed in control and the lowest in the 9 dS m-1 salinity level. Also, salinity stress led to a decrease in chlorophyll amount and an increase in the proline and soluble sugars in the wheat. The results showed that both cyanobacterial strains were effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity on various characteristics of the wheat plant. Furthermore, soil inoculation with cyanobacteria increased chlorophyll, proline, and soluble sugars in the plants. The two types of cyanobacteria had different effects on reducing the adverse effects of salinity on wheat. In severe salinities, Phormidium spp. increased the root length and shoot dry weight more than Anabaena spp. On the other hand, Anabaena spp. had better performance in increasing root dry weight and root volume as well as proline content compared to other cyanobacteria. Overall, the research showed that cyanobacteria can play a positive role in reducing the negative effects of salinity on wheat. However, further investigation is needed to assess the use of cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer in field conditions.Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Pollen morphology and its application in the taxonomy of some species of Tulipa in Iran, Central Asia and RussiaPollen morphology and its application in the taxonomy of some species of Tulipa in Iran, Central Asia and Russia165181240910.22034/jpr.2024.8410.3337FAFaraj AllaMohammaditabarManagement of Education and Training in Baghmalek County, Khoszestan0000-0001-7642-7543سید محمدMasoumiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University,
6714967346 Kermanshah, Iran0000-0001-7642-7543NastaranJalilianResearch Division of Natural resources. Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0002-3301-0833Journal Article20240329Pollen grains of 30 specimens from different tulip populations of 15 species were studied by light microscope (LM) and for more detailed observations, 13 specimens were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollens were collected from living specimens of the Russian Botanical Garden and also from different herbaria of Iran, Central Asia and Russia. In this study, the Acetolysis method was used for LM observations, while for SEM studies, unacetolysis pollen grains were used. The research revealed that the examined species exhibited distinct characteristics, including heterogeneity, bilateral symmetry, monosulcate and trisulcate features, as well as spherical to elliptical shapes. The outline of polar view is spheroidal and equatorial, oblate-spheroidal. They differed from each other in terms of muri and Lumina. The smallest size of pollen grain belonged to T. hoogiana B. Fedtschenko from the subgenus Leiostemones (4.5±2.33 µm), while the largest belonged to T. sylvestris var. biebersteiniana (Schult.f.) Regel) from the subgenus Eriostemone (8.6±4.62 µm). In general, in the subgenus Eriostemones, the pollen grains are monosulcate type, exine ornamentation with perforate-verrucate and reticulate patterns, whereas in the subgenus Leiostemones, there are trisulcate with granulate and psilate ornamentations. Although some of the studied species are considered synonyms using molecular data, their presence in different habitats has caused differences in palynological characteristics. Therefore, palynological characterization of pollen grains can serve as a key trait alongside other characteristics for distinguishing between subgenera, sections, and species in taxonomic studies of the Tulipa.Pollen grains of 30 specimens from different tulip populations of 15 species were studied by light microscope (LM) and for more detailed observations, 13 specimens were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollens were collected from living specimens of the Russian Botanical Garden and also from different herbaria of Iran, Central Asia and Russia. In this study, the Acetolysis method was used for LM observations, while for SEM studies, unacetolysis pollen grains were used. The research revealed that the examined species exhibited distinct characteristics, including heterogeneity, bilateral symmetry, monosulcate and trisulcate features, as well as spherical to elliptical shapes. The outline of polar view is spheroidal and equatorial, oblate-spheroidal. They differed from each other in terms of muri and Lumina. The smallest size of pollen grain belonged to T. hoogiana B. Fedtschenko from the subgenus Leiostemones (4.5±2.33 µm), while the largest belonged to T. sylvestris var. biebersteiniana (Schult.f.) Regel) from the subgenus Eriostemone (8.6±4.62 µm). In general, in the subgenus Eriostemones, the pollen grains are monosulcate type, exine ornamentation with perforate-verrucate and reticulate patterns, whereas in the subgenus Leiostemones, there are trisulcate with granulate and psilate ornamentations. Although some of the studied species are considered synonyms using molecular data, their presence in different habitats has caused differences in palynological characteristics. Therefore, palynological characterization of pollen grains can serve as a key trait alongside other characteristics for distinguishing between subgenera, sections, and species in taxonomic studies of the Tulipa.Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Karyomorphology of four population of two species of Tanacetum L. from IranKaryomorphology of four population of two species of Tanacetum L. from Iran182196241010.22034/jpr.2024.8431.3343FAAliSonboliDepartment of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7303-4488Journal Article20240429In the present study, the detailed karyomorphology of four populations belonging to two species of Tanacetum sect. Xylopyrethrum (T. joharchii, T. kotschyi (Zanjan), T. kotschyi (Urmia), T. kotschyi (Marand)) were studied by using aceto orcein staining of meristamtic root tips. The karyomorphology of four populations are reported here for the first time. Ideograms of each population were made and karyotypic characteristics including the chromosome number, total karyotype length (TKL), Intra chromosomal (A1), Interchromosomal (A2) asymmetry indices, Karyotype form percentage (TF %), Relative lenghth (RL), Mean centromeric index (CI), and Arm ratio (AR), Karyotype classification followe, using Stebbins classification. Different populations of T. Kotschyi and T. joharchii were triploid, 2n=3x=27. At mitotic metaphase, all chromosomes had median region (m), submedian (sm) and subtelocentric (st) centromeres. The karyotypes are classified in types 2A, showing the presence of a primitive symmetrical karyotype in the genus Tanacetum. Based on karyotype formula, total form percentage (TF%) and Intra chromosomal index (A1), T. kotschyi, Marand population showed asymmetrical karyotype and advanced while T. kotschyi, Zanjan population had an symmetric karyotype and primitive comared with other populations.In the present study, the detailed karyomorphology of four populations belonging to two species of Tanacetum sect. Xylopyrethrum (T. joharchii, T. kotschyi (Zanjan), T. kotschyi (Urmia), T. kotschyi (Marand)) were studied by using aceto orcein staining of meristamtic root tips. The karyomorphology of four populations are reported here for the first time. Ideograms of each population were made and karyotypic characteristics including the chromosome number, total karyotype length (TKL), Intra chromosomal (A1), Interchromosomal (A2) asymmetry indices, Karyotype form percentage (TF %), Relative lenghth (RL), Mean centromeric index (CI), and Arm ratio (AR), Karyotype classification followe, using Stebbins classification. Different populations of T. Kotschyi and T. joharchii were triploid, 2n=3x=27. At mitotic metaphase, all chromosomes had median region (m), submedian (sm) and subtelocentric (st) centromeres. The karyotypes are classified in types 2A, showing the presence of a primitive symmetrical karyotype in the genus Tanacetum. Based on karyotype formula, total form percentage (TF%) and Intra chromosomal index (A1), T. kotschyi, Marand population showed asymmetrical karyotype and advanced while T. kotschyi, Zanjan population had an symmetric karyotype and primitive comared with other populations.Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Comparison the effect of glycine-zinc, phenylalanine-zinc aminochlate and Zn-EDTA foliar application on some growth and physiological parameters of Calendula officinalis L plantComparison the effect of glycine-zinc, phenylalanine-zinc aminochlate and Zn-EDTA foliar application on some growth and physiological parameters of Calendula officinalis L plant197211241310.22034/jpr.2024.8459.3364FAElhamKhanpoorDept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, IranMahnazAghdasiDept of Biology- Faculty of Science
Golestan University
Gorgan
IRAN0000-0002-6272-5045VahidTavallaliDept. of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranVahidRowshan SarvestaniDept. of Natural Resources, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240708The marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant with numerous medicinal, health, and industrial applications, as well as being used as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the efficiency of foliar nutrition with artificial chelated zinc source and various complexes of amino acid-zinc on the growth and physiological characteristics of the marigold plant were evaluated. This experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications. The foliar application treatments were: Zn-EDTA, glycine-zinc (Zn-Gly) and phenylalanine-zinc (Zn-Phe) at concentrations of 0, 20 and 40 mg/L. The treatments were done at two stages, the first at the stage of 4-6 leaves and the second before the beginning of flowering. The results indicated that the highest plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flowers, thousand seed weight, photosynthetic pigments, total carotenoids in the petals, total phenols and flavonoids amount, PAL activity, leaf zinc content, and seed oil percentage were observed at the concentration of 40 mg/L of Zn-Gly treatment which showed a significant difference compared to Zn-EDTA treatment and the control. On the other hand, the present data showed that different treatments did not have any significant difference on the flower diameter. Additionally, the Zn-Gly treatment at both concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/L led a reduction in the number of days to flowering compared to other treatments. The current data indicated that there is a positive and significant correlation (P<0.01) between physiological parameters in different treatments.The marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant with numerous medicinal, health, and industrial applications, as well as being used as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the efficiency of foliar nutrition with artificial chelated zinc source and various complexes of amino acid-zinc on the growth and physiological characteristics of the marigold plant were evaluated. This experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications. The foliar application treatments were: Zn-EDTA, glycine-zinc (Zn-Gly) and phenylalanine-zinc (Zn-Phe) at concentrations of 0, 20 and 40 mg/L. The treatments were done at two stages, the first at the stage of 4-6 leaves and the second before the beginning of flowering. The results indicated that the highest plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flowers, thousand seed weight, photosynthetic pigments, total carotenoids in the petals, total phenols and flavonoids amount, PAL activity, leaf zinc content, and seed oil percentage were observed at the concentration of 40 mg/L of Zn-Gly treatment which showed a significant difference compared to Zn-EDTA treatment and the control. On the other hand, the present data showed that different treatments did not have any significant difference on the flower diameter. Additionally, the Zn-Gly treatment at both concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/L led a reduction in the number of days to flowering compared to other treatments. The current data indicated that there is a positive and significant correlation (P<0.01) between physiological parameters in different treatments.Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259239220260622Phytopythium babaiaharii causing root rot on greenhouse cucumberPhytopythium babaiaharii causing root rot on greenhouse cucumber212229241410.22034/jpr.2024.8467.3362FAFaribaGhaderiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran0000-0002-0072-0521Journal Article20240614Root and crown rot is one of the most damaging diseases of greenhouse cucumber. In spring 2023, greenhouse cucumber with root and crown rot and decline symptoms were collected from different greenhouses in Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad province. Infected tissues of the root were cut into approximately 5-6 mm pieces, and cultured on a semi-selective medium, CMA-PARPH without extra treatments. Purification of isolates was performed using the single-zoospore technique on WA. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular data of cox1 gene and ITS- rDNA region. According to the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, all isolates were recognized as Phytopythium babaiaharii. Pathogenicity test were conducted using five isolates P. babaiaharii on Saman cultivar of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. Koch's postulates were completed and confirmed that P. babaiahari isolates were responsible for cucumber root and crown rots. To our knowledge, this is the first report that P. babaiahari associated with root rot of cucumber in Iran and probably in the world.Root and crown rot is one of the most damaging diseases of greenhouse cucumber. In spring 2023, greenhouse cucumber with root and crown rot and decline symptoms were collected from different greenhouses in Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad province. Infected tissues of the root were cut into approximately 5-6 mm pieces, and cultured on a semi-selective medium, CMA-PARPH without extra treatments. Purification of isolates was performed using the single-zoospore technique on WA. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular data of cox1 gene and ITS- rDNA region. According to the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, all isolates were recognized as Phytopythium babaiaharii. Pathogenicity test were conducted using five isolates P. babaiaharii on Saman cultivar of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. Koch's postulates were completed and confirmed that P. babaiahari isolates were responsible for cucumber root and crown rots. To our knowledge, this is the first report that P. babaiahari associated with root rot of cucumber in Iran and probably in the world.