Iranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Morphological, palynological and anatomical study of Geranium L. genus (Geraniaceae) in IranMorphological, palynological and anatomical study of Geranium L. genus (Geraniaceae) in Iran7217332032FAFatemehHajmoradiPayam e Noor University0000-0003-3892-4295MasoumehHajmoradiPayam e Noor UniversityMasoudRanjbarDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranZahraHajmoradiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranZahraBaghaeifarBiology Dept, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2414-7640Journal Article20200514Geranium L., with about 423 species, is one of the most important genera of the Geraniaceae. In this study, about 67 populations of 10 species of Geranium in Iran were studied in terms of morphology, palynology and anatomy. Data from morphological and pollen studies were analyzed by MVSP 3.1 software. For morphological studies, a total of 58 quantitative and qualitative characteristics were studied in different populations of each species. Pollen samples from each species were examined by light microscopy. For anatomical study, 8 traits were studied in pedicel of different species of Geranium. The studied species were divided into seven groups based on morphological data analysis and three groups based on palynological data analysis. The results of the three types of morphological, palynological and anatomical data showed that in studied species of Geranium, the value of data was different in separating the species. In some species the morphological data and in some others, pollen or anatomical data were effective.Geranium L., with about 423 species, is one of the most important genera of the Geraniaceae. In this study, about 67 populations of 10 species of Geranium in Iran were studied in terms of morphology, palynology and anatomy. Data from morphological and pollen studies were analyzed by MVSP 3.1 software. For morphological studies, a total of 58 quantitative and qualitative characteristics were studied in different populations of each species. Pollen samples from each species were examined by light microscopy. For anatomical study, 8 traits were studied in pedicel of different species of Geranium. The studied species were divided into seven groups based on morphological data analysis and three groups based on palynological data analysis. The results of the three types of morphological, palynological and anatomical data showed that in studied species of Geranium, the value of data was different in separating the species. In some species the morphological data and in some others, pollen or anatomical data were effective.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2032_cc3aa8c72bb3c66749b8964153913433.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420210828Antibacterial and cytotoxicity effect of (Ficus carica) against HepG2 cellsAntibacterial and cytotoxicity effect of (Ficus carica) against HepG2 cells7347442044FAMohammad HosseinMoazamilantern research group. Karaj.iranMahsaShahbandehYoung Research and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran.MahsaAmin SalehiDepartment of Plant Science, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iranhttps://orcid.org/00Journal Article20201119Nowadays, medicinal plants have the potential to discover new drugs. Liver cancer is known as one of the most common cancers in the world. F. carica is known as one of the most important medicinal plants around the world. In the present study, the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of F. carica were measured at different concentrations. In the antimicrobial assay, all bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Ecoli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were sensitive to the methanolic concentration of the extract. The MIC value was 8 µg/mL to 16 µg/mL and the MBC value was 16 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL. Hydroalcoholic extract of fig fruit with different concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 mg/mL) on the growth of HepG2 liver cancer cells and L929 fibroblasts as a control (24, 48 and 72h) were assessed by MTT test. The results showed that the effect of F. carica extract is dose and time-dependent and with increasing time the bioavailability of cells has decreased and at the time of incubation for 72 hours and a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL bioavailability of cells was observed to be 8%. The results demonstrated that IC50 was observed in 0.5 mg/mL (24h). According to the results, it can be claimed that F. carica extract in different concentrations has an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria and liver cancer cells, so with further studies, this plant can be used in treatment.Nowadays, medicinal plants have the potential to discover new drugs. Liver cancer is known as one of the most common cancers in the world. F. carica is known as one of the most important medicinal plants around the world. In the present study, the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of F. carica were measured at different concentrations. In the antimicrobial assay, all bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Ecoli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were sensitive to the methanolic concentration of the extract. The MIC value was 8 µg/mL to 16 µg/mL and the MBC value was 16 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL. Hydroalcoholic extract of fig fruit with different concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 mg/mL) on the growth of HepG2 liver cancer cells and L929 fibroblasts as a control (24, 48 and 72h) were assessed by MTT test. The results showed that the effect of F. carica extract is dose and time-dependent and with increasing time the bioavailability of cells has decreased and at the time of incubation for 72 hours and a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL bioavailability of cells was observed to be 8%. The results demonstrated that IC50 was observed in 0.5 mg/mL (24h). According to the results, it can be claimed that F. carica extract in different concentrations has an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria and liver cancer cells, so with further studies, this plant can be used in treatment.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2044_3b94377436d49b8a8a8760946ef98073.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Effect of foliar iron application on anthocyanin genes expression during of developmental stages in strawberry fruitEffect of foliar iron application on anthocyanin genes expression during of developmental stages in strawberry fruit7457622045FASaeedRezaeiDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0000-0000-0000MohammadesmaeelAmiriScientific Member of Horticulture Dep.AbbasBahariDepartment of Agronomy Science in Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques, University of Zanjan, IranFarhangRazaviDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.MortezaSoleimani AghdamUniversity of Imam khomeiniHosseinBeyramiNational salinity research center0000-0001-7967-8495Journal Article20201122Introduction: Anthocyanins are important compounds in strawberry fruit quality. There are different genes involved in the production and accumulation of these metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, determine the optimal concentration and study its effect on the expression pattern of genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins of strawberry fruit of Camarossa cultivar during developmental stages.<br />Material and Methods: The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. So that, first in a preliminary experiment strawberry plants were sprayed with 14% iron chelate at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, and 2000 µmol/L. Then properties were evaluated after foliar application. <br />Results and Discussion: According to the results, fruits sprayed with iron at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L showed the highest level of total anthocyanin. Also, the application of selective concentrations of iron accelerated the ripening of fruits, which in the end, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L was considered as the optimal concentration. Increased expression of FaSUT1, FaMYB1, FaPAL, FaCHS genes and decreased expression of FaMYC1 gene in fruits treated with iron chelate 14% at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L can be a reason for increased accumulation of anthocyanins. <br />Conclusion: Therefore, in order to produce strawberry greenhouses and cultivate them in a soilless environment, according to the results of this study, in order to increase anthocyanins contents, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L of iron can be suggested by foliar application.Introduction: Anthocyanins are important compounds in strawberry fruit quality. There are different genes involved in the production and accumulation of these metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, determine the optimal concentration and study its effect on the expression pattern of genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins of strawberry fruit of Camarossa cultivar during developmental stages.<br />Material and Methods: The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. So that, first in a preliminary experiment strawberry plants were sprayed with 14% iron chelate at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, and 2000 µmol/L. Then properties were evaluated after foliar application. <br />Results and Discussion: According to the results, fruits sprayed with iron at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L showed the highest level of total anthocyanin. Also, the application of selective concentrations of iron accelerated the ripening of fruits, which in the end, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L was considered as the optimal concentration. Increased expression of FaSUT1, FaMYB1, FaPAL, FaCHS genes and decreased expression of FaMYC1 gene in fruits treated with iron chelate 14% at a concentration of 1400 μmol/L can be a reason for increased accumulation of anthocyanins. <br />Conclusion: Therefore, in order to produce strawberry greenhouses and cultivate them in a soilless environment, according to the results of this study, in order to increase anthocyanins contents, a concentration of 1400 μmol/L of iron can be suggested by foliar application.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2045_cf6b3942c00d423672c42674e9ff566c.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Qualitative and quantitative traits and regeneration status in maple plantation and natural forestsQualitative and quantitative traits and regeneration status in maple plantation and natural forests7637752046FAHatamMonfarediUniversity of Mohaghegh ArdabiliRoghayehJahdiدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیKambizTaheri AbkenarUniversity of GuilanJournal Article20201203The main purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of maple trees in the plantation of Lomar Asalem,. The measurement and comparison of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of maple trees and regeneration status in plantation and natural forests and compared to other species is concerned. This study was conducted in Maple plantations at the age of 25 based on a systematic random sampling method with 30 sample plots of 400 m2. The results of t-test showed a significant difference between the number of trees per hectare, basal area, volume, slenderness coefficient and diameter growth of the maple trees in the two areas. However, there was no significant difference in the mean height of trees in the two regions and their height growth. In terms of qualitative characteristics, there was no significant difference in the trunk health of maple trees in the two areas. However, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 compared to the trunk form of these trees between the two areas. Significant differences were observed in the crown symmetry of the maple trees in the two areas, but there was no significant difference in the crown health and vitality of these trees. Regeneration density in the natural forest was higher than in the plantation. While the frequency of healthy seedlings and single trunk seedlings in the plantation was significantly higher than natural forest. Plantation in the area had a suitable condition in terms of quantity and quality than natural forest.The main purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of maple trees in the plantation of Lomar Asalem,. The measurement and comparison of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of maple trees and regeneration status in plantation and natural forests and compared to other species is concerned. This study was conducted in Maple plantations at the age of 25 based on a systematic random sampling method with 30 sample plots of 400 m2. The results of t-test showed a significant difference between the number of trees per hectare, basal area, volume, slenderness coefficient and diameter growth of the maple trees in the two areas. However, there was no significant difference in the mean height of trees in the two regions and their height growth. In terms of qualitative characteristics, there was no significant difference in the trunk health of maple trees in the two areas. However, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 compared to the trunk form of these trees between the two areas. Significant differences were observed in the crown symmetry of the maple trees in the two areas, but there was no significant difference in the crown health and vitality of these trees. Regeneration density in the natural forest was higher than in the plantation. While the frequency of healthy seedlings and single trunk seedlings in the plantation was significantly higher than natural forest. Plantation in the area had a suitable condition in terms of quantity and quality than natural forest.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2046_ff9fbcbe7aef57419e2d950dbbac932c.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of milk thistle seed on 8 species of gram-positive and negative bacteriaAntibacterial effect of methanolic extract of milk thistle seed on 8 species of gram-positive and negative bacteria7767852048FAZahraMahmoudi RadDepartment of Horticulture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.0000-0003-3401-8076HassanNourafcanDepartment of Horticulture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.0000-0003-2489-1787NaserMohebalipourDepartment of Horticulture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.AssadAssadiDepartment of Horticulture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.SoleimanJamshidiDepartment of Horticulture, Miyaneh branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, IranJournal Article20200210Milk thistle with its active ingredient silymarin, is effective in treating various liver diseases and has antimicrobial properties. An experiment aimed at study of the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of milk thistle seed on 8 species of gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli (E.coli), Shigella Dysenteria, Klebsiella Pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by using disk diffusion and macrodilution methods was conducted based on a completely randomized design in the veterinary laboratory of Miyaneh Branch of Islamic Azad University in 2017. The composition of methanolic extract of milk thistle seeds were evaluated using HPLC and the presence of two substances, silybin A and B, were identified as the main constituents of silymarin. In the antibacterial test, methanolic extract of milk thistle seeds was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli but had less inhibitory effect compared to Gentamicin and Ampicillin. In disk diffusion, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest inhibitory zone and the highest MIC and MBC. In Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica, the growth inhibition zone diameter was approximately equal to that of Staphylococcus, and Proteus and Escherichia coli showed a smaller diameter zone than Staphylococcus. It seems that milk thistle methanolic extract contains antiseptic substances with antibacterial effects. Therefore, it is recommended to study other strains.Milk thistle with its active ingredient silymarin, is effective in treating various liver diseases and has antimicrobial properties. An experiment aimed at study of the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of milk thistle seed on 8 species of gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli (E.coli), Shigella Dysenteria, Klebsiella Pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by using disk diffusion and macrodilution methods was conducted based on a completely randomized design in the veterinary laboratory of Miyaneh Branch of Islamic Azad University in 2017. The composition of methanolic extract of milk thistle seeds were evaluated using HPLC and the presence of two substances, silybin A and B, were identified as the main constituents of silymarin. In the antibacterial test, methanolic extract of milk thistle seeds was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli but had less inhibitory effect compared to Gentamicin and Ampicillin. In disk diffusion, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest inhibitory zone and the highest MIC and MBC. In Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica, the growth inhibition zone diameter was approximately equal to that of Staphylococcus, and Proteus and Escherichia coli showed a smaller diameter zone than Staphylococcus. It seems that milk thistle methanolic extract contains antiseptic substances with antibacterial effects. Therefore, it is recommended to study other strains.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2048_bdd8125f33977bbe1462ecdf747af551.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Role of chitosan in reducing the effects of salinity stress through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Portulaca oleracea L.Role of chitosan in reducing the effects of salinity stress through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Portulaca oleracea L.7867982074FAElaheKhosraviDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box: 15719-14911, Tehran, IranAzamSalimiDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, kharazmi University, Tehran, IranMaryamChavoushiDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box: 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0547-8663HaniehZeidi1-Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box: 15719-14911, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200815Portulaca oleracea L. is a medicinal plant of the family Portulacaceae. Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Chitosan is a biological elicitor and is a major component of the cell wall of many species of fungi. In this study effects of salinity and chitosan stress on physiological parameters and growth parameters of the Portulaca oleracea L were studied. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete design with 3 replications. For this purpose, the plant was exposed to different treatments of NaCl (0, 25 and 35 ds m-1), chitosan (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g l-1) Plants were harvested after treatment. Different morphological and physiological parameters were studied for different treatments. By measuring growth parameters and according to broiler and halophytic characteristics of the plant, the salinity 25 ds m-1 as a favorable growth and salinity 35 dsm-1 showed a decrease in growth in the plant. Salinity stress increased catalase enzyme activity, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and flavonoid content but reduced anthocyanine. Interaction of salinity and Chitosan increased growth of purslane, phenol, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzyme activity and reduced catalase enzyme activity and anthocyanine content. In this study chitosan is improving agent in stress conditions and improved the physiological and biochemical traits associated with oxidative stress. Considering the growing salinity of the country, it is important to use the elicitors, especially chitosan, as a biopolymer that reduces the effects of salinity stress on the Portulaca oleracea L.Portulaca oleracea L. is a medicinal plant of the family Portulacaceae. Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Chitosan is a biological elicitor and is a major component of the cell wall of many species of fungi. In this study effects of salinity and chitosan stress on physiological parameters and growth parameters of the Portulaca oleracea L were studied. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete design with 3 replications. For this purpose, the plant was exposed to different treatments of NaCl (0, 25 and 35 ds m-1), chitosan (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g l-1) Plants were harvested after treatment. Different morphological and physiological parameters were studied for different treatments. By measuring growth parameters and according to broiler and halophytic characteristics of the plant, the salinity 25 ds m-1 as a favorable growth and salinity 35 dsm-1 showed a decrease in growth in the plant. Salinity stress increased catalase enzyme activity, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and flavonoid content but reduced anthocyanine. Interaction of salinity and Chitosan increased growth of purslane, phenol, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzyme activity and reduced catalase enzyme activity and anthocyanine content. In this study chitosan is improving agent in stress conditions and improved the physiological and biochemical traits associated with oxidative stress. Considering the growing salinity of the country, it is important to use the elicitors, especially chitosan, as a biopolymer that reduces the effects of salinity stress on the Portulaca oleracea L.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2074_467101187d8e14b91bfe031658df5c25.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Effects of silver nanoparticles on the growth, gas exchange capacity and photosystem II performance in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) plantsEffects of silver nanoparticles on the growth, gas exchange capacity and photosystem II performance in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) plants7998092075FAZarghamZareDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran.0000-0001-6716-1675LeilaPishkar0000-0002-1499-4793AlirezaIranbakhshDepartment of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran IranDaryushTaleiMedicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20201109With the dramatic increase in nanotechnologies, it has become probable that biological systems will be exposed to an excess of nanoparticles (NPs). Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual grassy plant that has some pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, analgesic, wound healing, skeletal muscle-relaxant, anti-inflammatory and a radical scavenger. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L) on the growth and biomass production, photosynthetic pigments, proline, flavonoid and phenolic compounds, gas exchange capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated in purslane plants. The results showed that AgNPs treatments significantly inhibited biomass production and the growth of root and shoot, and decreased the content of chlorophylls a and b at high concentrations (20, 40 and 80 mg/L), while, the AgNPs treatments increased the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds compared to control treatment. By increasing the concentration of AgNPs, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry declined. The measurements of Chl a fluorescence showed that strong evidence of inhibitory effects on energy transfer from light-harvesting complexes to reaction centres, the deterioration of the PSII water splitting system and the inactivation of PSII reaction centres at high concentrations of AgNPs. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that AgNPs induced an inhibitory mechanism on photosynthetic processes and biomass of purslane plants.With the dramatic increase in nanotechnologies, it has become probable that biological systems will be exposed to an excess of nanoparticles (NPs). Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual grassy plant that has some pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, analgesic, wound healing, skeletal muscle-relaxant, anti-inflammatory and a radical scavenger. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L) on the growth and biomass production, photosynthetic pigments, proline, flavonoid and phenolic compounds, gas exchange capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated in purslane plants. The results showed that AgNPs treatments significantly inhibited biomass production and the growth of root and shoot, and decreased the content of chlorophylls a and b at high concentrations (20, 40 and 80 mg/L), while, the AgNPs treatments increased the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds compared to control treatment. By increasing the concentration of AgNPs, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry declined. The measurements of Chl a fluorescence showed that strong evidence of inhibitory effects on energy transfer from light-harvesting complexes to reaction centres, the deterioration of the PSII water splitting system and the inactivation of PSII reaction centres at high concentrations of AgNPs. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that AgNPs induced an inhibitory mechanism on photosynthetic processes and biomass of purslane plants.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2075_96ab1483b5a9885d11cf82a5caf52042.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Terminal physiologic heat stress adjustment and changes during developmental stages of wheat with the use of humic acid in two soil typesTerminal physiologic heat stress adjustment and changes during developmental stages of wheat with the use of humic acid in two soil types8108222076FAAbbasAbhariAssistant Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, I. R. of IranJournal Article20210420In order to predict the effect of changes in temperature, radiation and humic acid on wheat yield, a factorial experiment was used in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2016-2017. Treatments included wheat cultivation in Back cross of Roshan cultivar in two types of clay-loam and loam-sandy soil (two locations) in four levels of humic acid spraying (0, 5, 10 and 15 gr/1000) in stem elongation. The results showed that by consuming 15 gr/1000 of humic acid per hectare in two types of soil, the highest yield (clay-loam and loam-sand, respectively, 7800.3 and 5270 kg / h) was produced. In the loam-sandy soil, the amount of proline and chlorophyll content of amino acids increased with increasing consumption of humic acid. Changes in photothermal ratio of booting stage to pollination in contrast to the amount of humic acid follow the second order equation. Humic acid consumption reduced the photothermal ratio, and this decrease as a result of consumption of humic acid had a positive effect on increasing the length of developmental stages. The grain yield per unit area corresponded to the photothermal ratio of booting stage to pollination from the second order equation. Humic acid increased the chlorophyll content (53.3 to 57.26 SPAD) and proline content of leaves (295 to 376.1 mg/kg leaf); thereby it caused the adjustment of thermal stress and increasing the length of the growing season. Clay-loamy soil produced higher grain yield than loam-sandy under both consumption and non-consumption of humic acid.In order to predict the effect of changes in temperature, radiation and humic acid on wheat yield, a factorial experiment was used in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2016-2017. Treatments included wheat cultivation in Back cross of Roshan cultivar in two types of clay-loam and loam-sandy soil (two locations) in four levels of humic acid spraying (0, 5, 10 and 15 gr/1000) in stem elongation. The results showed that by consuming 15 gr/1000 of humic acid per hectare in two types of soil, the highest yield (clay-loam and loam-sand, respectively, 7800.3 and 5270 kg / h) was produced. In the loam-sandy soil, the amount of proline and chlorophyll content of amino acids increased with increasing consumption of humic acid. Changes in photothermal ratio of booting stage to pollination in contrast to the amount of humic acid follow the second order equation. Humic acid consumption reduced the photothermal ratio, and this decrease as a result of consumption of humic acid had a positive effect on increasing the length of developmental stages. The grain yield per unit area corresponded to the photothermal ratio of booting stage to pollination from the second order equation. Humic acid increased the chlorophyll content (53.3 to 57.26 SPAD) and proline content of leaves (295 to 376.1 mg/kg leaf); thereby it caused the adjustment of thermal stress and increasing the length of the growing season. Clay-loamy soil produced higher grain yield than loam-sandy under both consumption and non-consumption of humic acid.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2076_a5b241fb03dc42c309c458c5a9d6f13b.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Effect of selenium on growth and some physiological traits of basil under arsenic stress conditionsEffect of selenium on growth and some physiological traits of basil under arsenic stress conditions8238352077FAMehdiRostamiDamghan Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityHosseinAbbaspourIslamic Azad University, Tehran North BranchAkbarSafipourAzad University of Neyshabur0000-0003-4992-2500GhadirTaheriNeyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityJournal Article20210103Past studies have already determined that selenium is very effective in alleviating oxidative damage caused by various abiotic stresses in plants. This study investigated the effects of selenium on the growth and physiological traits of basil under arsenic toxicity. The results showed that growth parameters including root and shoot length and root and shoot weight under arsenic toxicity, especially at high concentrations, were significantly reduced compared to the control plants. Also, in severe arsenic toxicity, the content of photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein concentrations decreased and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased compared to the basil plants without stress. Selenium foliar spray, especially at a concentration of 5 mg/l on plants, both under stress and without stress, led to increased growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein content. In addition, the use of sodium selenate at low concentrations reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and at high concentrations increased their activity under arsenic toxicity compared to control plants. In general, it seems that selenium has reduced the toxic effects of arsenic in basil by enhancing its antioxidant activity and improving plant growth.Past studies have already determined that selenium is very effective in alleviating oxidative damage caused by various abiotic stresses in plants. This study investigated the effects of selenium on the growth and physiological traits of basil under arsenic toxicity. The results showed that growth parameters including root and shoot length and root and shoot weight under arsenic toxicity, especially at high concentrations, were significantly reduced compared to the control plants. Also, in severe arsenic toxicity, the content of photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein concentrations decreased and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased compared to the basil plants without stress. Selenium foliar spray, especially at a concentration of 5 mg/l on plants, both under stress and without stress, led to increased growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein content. In addition, the use of sodium selenate at low concentrations reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and at high concentrations increased their activity under arsenic toxicity compared to control plants. In general, it seems that selenium has reduced the toxic effects of arsenic in basil by enhancing its antioxidant activity and improving plant growth.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2077_058f16b431517121c509d3cc66dbf392.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Effect of drought stress on water use efficiency of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar ‘Bidaneh Ghermrz’ under different fertilizer treatmentsEffect of drought stress on water use efficiency of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar ‘Bidaneh Ghermrz’ under different fertilizer treatments8368472078FAAsiehSafariRazi UniversityAkramFatemiRazi UniversityMohsenSaiediRazi UniversityZahraKolahchiBu Ali Sina UniversityJournal Article20200502The use of organic and chemical fertilizers as amendments of properties of soil can be one of the strategies to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress. The effect of potassium sulfate, compost, and biochar on leaf dry matter, gaseous exchanges, instantaneous and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEinst and WUEi, respectively) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar ‘Bidaneh-Ghermez’ evaluated under two conditions: without water stress condition (field capacity (FC)) and irrigation in 40% FC. The experiment was conducted in a factorial of random complete blocks experiment design in the greenhouse. The results showed that the interaction effect of water stress and fertilizers’ treatments was significant for photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and WUEinst. Drought stress significantly reduced photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of grapevines leaf. Fertilizers’ application compensated drought stress. WUEinst was higher in organic treatments compared with chemical treatment. WUEi for fertilizers’ treatment in drought stress conditions was higher than those in unstressed conditions. The highest K+ concentration of grapevines leaf 1.77 and 1.60% was observed in biochar treatment under both unstressed and stressed conditions. The dry matter of grapevines leaf had no significant differences for all experimental treatments under unstressed conditions and potassium sulfate and biochar under stressed conditions. The dry matter of grapevines leaf for compost treatment was significantly lower than the above-mentioned treatments. According to the results of this research, could be concluded that the application of fertilizers especially biochar can be considered to reduce drought stress of grapevines cultivar ‘Bidaneh-Ghermez’.The use of organic and chemical fertilizers as amendments of properties of soil can be one of the strategies to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress. The effect of potassium sulfate, compost, and biochar on leaf dry matter, gaseous exchanges, instantaneous and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEinst and WUEi, respectively) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar ‘Bidaneh-Ghermez’ evaluated under two conditions: without water stress condition (field capacity (FC)) and irrigation in 40% FC. The experiment was conducted in a factorial of random complete blocks experiment design in the greenhouse. The results showed that the interaction effect of water stress and fertilizers’ treatments was significant for photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and WUEinst. Drought stress significantly reduced photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of grapevines leaf. Fertilizers’ application compensated drought stress. WUEinst was higher in organic treatments compared with chemical treatment. WUEi for fertilizers’ treatment in drought stress conditions was higher than those in unstressed conditions. The highest K+ concentration of grapevines leaf 1.77 and 1.60% was observed in biochar treatment under both unstressed and stressed conditions. The dry matter of grapevines leaf had no significant differences for all experimental treatments under unstressed conditions and potassium sulfate and biochar under stressed conditions. The dry matter of grapevines leaf for compost treatment was significantly lower than the above-mentioned treatments. According to the results of this research, could be concluded that the application of fertilizers especially biochar can be considered to reduce drought stress of grapevines cultivar ‘Bidaneh-Ghermez’.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2078_9025f603e300bd0b550e2dad3d65b27f.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Modelling the response of plants to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes in Karmozd coal mine, Mazandaran provinceModelling the response of plants to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes in Karmozd coal mine, Mazandaran province8488652079FANateqLashkari SanamiDepartment of Rangeland Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityJamshidGhorbaniDepartment of Rangeland Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University0000-0001-9159-6601Seyed HassanZaliDepartment of Rangeland Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityGhorbanVahabzadehDepartment of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityJournal Article20200624Plants growth in mining environments are restricted by waste properties. A knowledge of plant species response to waste characteristics is necessary for restoration of mine areas. In this study the ecological preferences to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes were evaluated for Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia absinthium, Capparis spinosa and Bassia prostrata which are naturally colonized on coal waste. Plant species abundance and wastes (up to 20 cm in depth) were sampled in 138 plots. Plant species responses were assessed using HOF model. Results showed that A. scoparia and A. absinthium had an optimum where the clay and silt increased while C. spinosa and B. prostrata had a wide ecological niche for sand. All species showed an optimum response where coal wastes had low moisture content. A niche separation was found for B. prostrata along the gradient of electrical conductivity. A. scoparia, C. spinosa, and B. prostrata had similar ecological niche in response to soil pH, although C. spinosa preferred lower pH. A. scoparia was found in a wide range of N, P, and organic matter. The results indicated that A. scoparia positively responded to all heavy metals with plateau (III) response to Cu and Ni and bimodal (VII) to Zn and Pb. Plant species responded differently to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes and the most frequent response shape were IV and VII.Plants growth in mining environments are restricted by waste properties. A knowledge of plant species response to waste characteristics is necessary for restoration of mine areas. In this study the ecological preferences to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes were evaluated for Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia absinthium, Capparis spinosa and Bassia prostrata which are naturally colonized on coal waste. Plant species abundance and wastes (up to 20 cm in depth) were sampled in 138 plots. Plant species responses were assessed using HOF model. Results showed that A. scoparia and A. absinthium had an optimum where the clay and silt increased while C. spinosa and B. prostrata had a wide ecological niche for sand. All species showed an optimum response where coal wastes had low moisture content. A niche separation was found for B. prostrata along the gradient of electrical conductivity. A. scoparia, C. spinosa, and B. prostrata had similar ecological niche in response to soil pH, although C. spinosa preferred lower pH. A. scoparia was found in a wide range of N, P, and organic matter. The results indicated that A. scoparia positively responded to all heavy metals with plateau (III) response to Cu and Ni and bimodal (VII) to Zn and Pb. Plant species responded differently to physical and chemical properties of coal wastes and the most frequent response shape were IV and VII.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2079_bf64a8f933b2393d15a3f1405a83a60a.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on the physiological characteristics and activity of some antioxidant enzymes of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under drought stress conditionsEffect of chemical and biological fertilizers on the physiological characteristics and activity of some antioxidant enzymes of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under drought stress conditions8668812080FAMehdiParsaFaculty Member of Ferdowsi University of MashhadRezaKamaeiPhD student of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad0000-0002-9702-1347BehnazYousefiPhD student of Ferdowsi University of MashhadJournal Article20190603In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation regimes and different fertilizer combinations on some morphological and physiological traits of Mentha piperita, a greenhouse experiment was carried out at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season 2017-2018. The experiment was conducted in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicates. Factors were consisted of different irrigation regimes levels: 100% FC, 75% FC and 50% FC, and different biological and chemical fertilizers combinations including:1-biochemical bacterial NPK + NPP, 2- NPP bio-fertilizer, 3-NPK, 4-micronutrient fertilizer (MIC), 5-MIC + amino acid fertilizer (AP). The results showed that interaction of irrigation regimes and different biofertilizers on Proline had different significant at 5% level. The highest proline amount (0.22 mg /g fresh weight) were obtained in irrigation of 100% FC and NPK + NPP combination fertilizer treatments. Also, the results of variance analysis showed that the main effects of irrigation regimes and fertilizer types on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, ascorbate enzyme, catalase, peroxidase and essential oil percentage were significant. The results show that biofertilizers application decreased the antioxidant enzymes activity compared to other chemical fertilizers, slowly supply of nitrogen and phosphorus through the use of bio fertilizers during plant growth, likely this could reduce the intensity of stress in plants by providing the balanced plant nutrient and enough energy to grow and survive the plant and the antioxidant enzymes activity has also decreased due to the decrease in stress.In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation regimes and different fertilizer combinations on some morphological and physiological traits of Mentha piperita, a greenhouse experiment was carried out at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season 2017-2018. The experiment was conducted in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicates. Factors were consisted of different irrigation regimes levels: 100% FC, 75% FC and 50% FC, and different biological and chemical fertilizers combinations including:1-biochemical bacterial NPK + NPP, 2- NPP bio-fertilizer, 3-NPK, 4-micronutrient fertilizer (MIC), 5-MIC + amino acid fertilizer (AP). The results showed that interaction of irrigation regimes and different biofertilizers on Proline had different significant at 5% level. The highest proline amount (0.22 mg /g fresh weight) were obtained in irrigation of 100% FC and NPK + NPP combination fertilizer treatments. Also, the results of variance analysis showed that the main effects of irrigation regimes and fertilizer types on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, ascorbate enzyme, catalase, peroxidase and essential oil percentage were significant. The results show that biofertilizers application decreased the antioxidant enzymes activity compared to other chemical fertilizers, slowly supply of nitrogen and phosphorus through the use of bio fertilizers during plant growth, likely this could reduce the intensity of stress in plants by providing the balanced plant nutrient and enough energy to grow and survive the plant and the antioxidant enzymes activity has also decreased due to the decrease in stress.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2080_43b21cc5053134feb8b2c3be4f10325f.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Morphological and anatomical studies of vegetative and reproductive structures in ors (Juniperus seravshanica)Morphological and anatomical studies of vegetative and reproductive structures in ors (Juniperus seravshanica)6786912157FAFarkhondehRezanejadDepartment of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. of IranResearch and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. of Iran0000-0003-3825-0913FatanehBakhteyariDepartment of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran,Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. of IranHeroRahiniDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. of IranJournal Article20211116Juniperus species are resistant to frost and drought and have several medicinal and industrial uses. The genus has low regeneration that studies of structure and distribution of various species can helps to survey this reduction resons. J. seravshanica is distributed at different regions of Kerman province; young plants distribution is low and they are mostly seen in the crevices of mountains or rocks, but they have higher distribution in protected area of Gluchar. The leaves of young plants are arranged in whorls of 3, but during development both scaly and needle leaves are seen which the later with decussate arrangement, lignin epidermis and hypodermis and resin ducts are the main. The plant is diocious, but in some male plants, a few female cones are formed. Male cones are small, yellow, nonwoody without secretory structures and sclereids. Each cone has 8-14 scales and each scales has 3-5 pollen sacs. The pollen have mucilagenous intine. The female cones consist of attached 6-10 scales that are separated before pollination and become close again to form berries. The female cones develop into blue to brown with white coating. Many cones are dried during development, especially in the early stages. The development of the female cone takes about two years, and a set of one- and two-year-old cones are seen. The mature cone is fleshy which scleride cells form its main volume. It also has resin ducts that give it a pleasant smell. Each fruit has 2-6 seeds with hollow (empty) or immature embryos.Juniperus species are resistant to frost and drought and have several medicinal and industrial uses. The genus has low regeneration that studies of structure and distribution of various species can helps to survey this reduction resons. J. seravshanica is distributed at different regions of Kerman province; young plants distribution is low and they are mostly seen in the crevices of mountains or rocks, but they have higher distribution in protected area of Gluchar. The leaves of young plants are arranged in whorls of 3, but during development both scaly and needle leaves are seen which the later with decussate arrangement, lignin epidermis and hypodermis and resin ducts are the main. The plant is diocious, but in some male plants, a few female cones are formed. Male cones are small, yellow, nonwoody without secretory structures and sclereids. Each cone has 8-14 scales and each scales has 3-5 pollen sacs. The pollen have mucilagenous intine. The female cones consist of attached 6-10 scales that are separated before pollination and become close again to form berries. The female cones develop into blue to brown with white coating. Many cones are dried during development, especially in the early stages. The development of the female cone takes about two years, and a set of one- and two-year-old cones are seen. The mature cone is fleshy which scleride cells form its main volume. It also has resin ducts that give it a pleasant smell. Each fruit has 2-6 seeds with hollow (empty) or immature embryos.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2157_4cec957d6119f6c52f2fce69eda63718.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant Activity and Identification of Chemical Compounds of Narcissus tazetta L. Native to BehbahanEvaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant Activity and Identification of Chemical Compounds of Narcissus tazetta L. Native to Behbahan6927062218FANezamArmandResearch Center for Herbal Medicine and Complementary Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj. I.R. of Iran.HassanMorovvatiDepartment of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, I.R. of Iran0000-0003-2776-5540Journal Article20190916Abstract:<br /><br />Bacterial and fungal resistance became a concern in the biomedical and medical sciences. On the other hand, more than 20 million kg of essential oils are extracted from various medicinal plants annually. This article investigates the antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and extractive activity of essential oils of Narcissus tazetta L. native to Behbahan using head space method. Narges flower powder was solved by methanol solvent by percolation and obtained by distillation in concentrated vacuum and extract. Total antioxidant capacity was measured to measure total ascorbic acid and antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extract by paper disk method against standard antibiotics against standard strains. Essential oil extraction was performed by GC / MS using Head space method and for analyzing and identifying the essential oils. The results showed that the extract of Narcissus bulb had the highest effect on E.coli and Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Also, the antioxidant content in the total extract was 31.698 Mmol / kg body weight (μmol / g). The main constituents of the essential oil include (E) -β-Ocimene (31.36%), Linalool (22.73%), Limonene (14.17%), 1,8-Cineole (6.56%), Benzyl acetate (%). 477/5), Exo-Arbzol (622.3%), Terpinene (53.3%), (3Z) -Hexenyl acetate (2.8%), and -Terpineol (088/2). Due to the increasing applications and effective biological activity of the extract of Narcissus flower, more extensive studies on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of this plant are suggested in different ways.Abstract:<br /><br />Bacterial and fungal resistance became a concern in the biomedical and medical sciences. On the other hand, more than 20 million kg of essential oils are extracted from various medicinal plants annually. This article investigates the antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and extractive activity of essential oils of Narcissus tazetta L. native to Behbahan using head space method. Narges flower powder was solved by methanol solvent by percolation and obtained by distillation in concentrated vacuum and extract. Total antioxidant capacity was measured to measure total ascorbic acid and antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extract by paper disk method against standard antibiotics against standard strains. Essential oil extraction was performed by GC / MS using Head space method and for analyzing and identifying the essential oils. The results showed that the extract of Narcissus bulb had the highest effect on E.coli and Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Also, the antioxidant content in the total extract was 31.698 Mmol / kg body weight (μmol / g). The main constituents of the essential oil include (E) -β-Ocimene (31.36%), Linalool (22.73%), Limonene (14.17%), 1,8-Cineole (6.56%), Benzyl acetate (%). 477/5), Exo-Arbzol (622.3%), Terpinene (53.3%), (3Z) -Hexenyl acetate (2.8%), and -Terpineol (088/2). Due to the increasing applications and effective biological activity of the extract of Narcissus flower, more extensive studies on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of this plant are suggested in different ways.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2218_aaa383f9f462caed2860879be8150538.pdfIranian Biology SocietyJournal of Plant Research
(Iranian Journal of Biology)2383-259235420221023Diversity centers, Distribution patterns and priorities for conservation of Liliaceae with emphasis on endemism in IranDiversity centers, Distribution patterns and priorities for conservation of Liliaceae with emphasis on endemism in Iran7077202127FAShahrzadNazemi ArdakaniDepartment of Environmental Science , Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranRaziehRahimiDepartment of Environmental Science , Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranAhmadrezaMehrabianDepartment of Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I.R. of Iran0000-0001-6633-3092HosseinMostafaviDepartment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University Tehran, IranHadiKiadaliriDepartment of Forest,Range andWatershed Mangement, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210126Liliaceae include 73 species that covers about 1 percent of Flora of Iran. In addition approximately 27% of mentioned taxa are classified in endemic flora of Iran. Gagea with 31 species is the largest genus liliaceae in scale of Iran. These taxa were categorized based on topographic zonations including basins (less than 300 m a.s.l.), lowlands (300–1000 m a.s.l.), semi–mountainous (1000–1500 m a.s.l.), mountainous (1500–2500 m a.s.l.), alpine (2500–3500 m a.s.l.), and subnivale (3500–4500 m a.s.l.). Iranian Liliaceae included critically endangered (CR): 22 spp, endangered (EN): 5 spp., near threatened (NT): 37spp), vulnerable (VU): 1 spp.), In addition, the Kurdistan–Zagros range and the Atropatenian phytogeographical units feature the highest richness of mentioned taxa and form the first class in conservation value and priority. Several endangered species in this family, a wide range of which is located outside protected areas, so In situ as well ex-situ conservation actions seems to necessary for their conservation.Liliaceae include 73 species that covers about 1 percent of Flora of Iran. In addition approximately 27% of mentioned taxa are classified in endemic flora of Iran. Gagea with 31 species is the largest genus liliaceae in scale of Iran. These taxa were categorized based on topographic zonations including basins (less than 300 m a.s.l.), lowlands (300–1000 m a.s.l.), semi–mountainous (1000–1500 m a.s.l.), mountainous (1500–2500 m a.s.l.), alpine (2500–3500 m a.s.l.), and subnivale (3500–4500 m a.s.l.). Iranian Liliaceae included critically endangered (CR): 22 spp, endangered (EN): 5 spp., near threatened (NT): 37spp), vulnerable (VU): 1 spp.), In addition, the Kurdistan–Zagros range and the Atropatenian phytogeographical units feature the highest richness of mentioned taxa and form the first class in conservation value and priority. Several endangered species in this family, a wide range of which is located outside protected areas, so In situ as well ex-situ conservation actions seems to necessary for their conservation.https://plant.ijbio.ir/article_2127_1c9c6d75412e8ff00e417a9c9f9801b5.pdf