Journal Plant Research

The present paper describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Gentiana asclepiadea L., collected in Serbia. The essential oils were obtained from the underground part (root and rhizome) and aerial part (stem, leaves and flowers) of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major compounds in the oil from the underground

Male and female gametophytes have special characters that show a great variety in different taxa. In this study, gametophytes of four species belonging to three sections of the genus Onobrychis Mill. were studied with light microscopy. Results showed that the ovular primordium is tetra-zonate and gives rise to an anatropous ovule. The archesporium may consist of one or more archeosporial

‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻲ‬) ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻳﺮان‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ (‫ﺟﻠﺪ‬ 33 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 2 ، 1399 ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮذر‬ ‫ات‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪآﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﭙﻮرزاﻳﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫راد‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺮﮔﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺪاﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ * ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاري‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻔﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎ،‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺪان،‬ ‫اﻳﺮان،‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم،‬ ‫داﻧﺸﻜﺪه‬ ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ : 9 / 12 / 98 ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ : 22 / 4 / 99 ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ذره‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﭼﻢ‬ ‫روﻳﺎﻧﻲ،‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺴﻪ‬ ، ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪه‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ ،. ‫ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺖ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ذره‬). 001/0 ، 01/0 ‫و‬ 1/0 ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ (‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎر‬. ‫ﮔﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫آوري‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ،‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺑﮕﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﮕﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻮم‬ ‫ﺎ‬. ‫رﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮش‬ ‫آﻣﻴﺰي‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫از‬-‫اﺋﻮزﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬. ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮري‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺴﺒﺮداري‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬. ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴ‬ ‫ﮔﺰارﺷﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮕﻮي‬ ‫داد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬. ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻚ‬ ‫واژﮔﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫روﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺴﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺖ‬) ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻮم‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲ‬ (، ‫آراﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮاد‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺎﺳﭙﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﺪرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻏﻠﺐ‬ T ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬. ‫ﭘﺮﭼﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ 10 ‫ﭘﺮﭼﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪا‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺎﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫اي،‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﺪد،‬ ‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮدﻳﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫از‬ ‫آرا‬ ، ‫ﺗﺘﺮاﻫﺪرال‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮادﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬. ‫ﺑﻴﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮد‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬. ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫داد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﭼﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ،‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫روﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺴﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎري‬ ‫ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﺮده،‬ ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮادﻫﺎ‬ ‫آراﻳﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫از‬ ‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮذره‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬. ‫واژ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ : ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻚ،‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ،‬ ‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم،‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات،‬ ‫ﮔﺮده‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ * ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬ ، : 08138271541 ، ‫ﭘﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : Chehregani@basu.ac.ir ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫اﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ 1 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 100 ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎو‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮل‬ ‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوز‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬. ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎوري‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬ ‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺮداري‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ،‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮادي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬) 1 .(‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﻨﺎوري‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزه‬ ‫زﻳﺎدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫رﺷﺪ‬ ‫درﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫دﻫﺪ‬. ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺴﻮرﻫﺎ،‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ،‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل،‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﻛﺮم‬ ‫رﻧﮕﺮزي،‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ،‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﺪآﻓﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫وﻳﮋه‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎورزي‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫اي‬) 2 .(‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮدﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎورزي،‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺗﺎزﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬. ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫واﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬) 3 ، 4 .(‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫در‬ ‫ذرات‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻓﺰون‬ ‫روز‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ازﻃﺮﻓﻲ،‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ،‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫درﺗﻤﺎس‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آزاد‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازي‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫زﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬. ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮض‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬